| 2.1. Maskinvara som stöds | ||
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Kapitel 2. Systemkrav | 
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| 2.1. Maskinvara som stöds | ||
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Kapitel 2. Systemkrav |
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Debian ställer inga maskinvarukrav utöver kraven ställda för Linux- eller kFreeBSD-kärnan och GNU:s verktyg. Därför kan alla arkitekturer eller plattformar till vilka Linuxkärnan, libc, gcc och så vidare, blivit porterade, och för vilken en portering till Debian finns, köra Debian. Referera till ports-sidorna på http://www.debian.org/ports/arm/ för mera detaljer om 32-bit hard-float ARMv7-arkitektursystem som har blivit testade med Debian GNU/Linux.
Hellre än att försöka att beskriva alla de olika maskinvarukonfigurationerna som finns stöd för i 32-bit hard-float ARMv7 innehåller det här avsnittet allmän information och pekar till källor för ytterligare information.
Debian GNU/Linux 8 har stöd för elva större arkitekturer och ett flertal variationer av varje arkitektur kända som ”varianter”.
| Arkitektur | Debian-beteckning | Underarkitektur | Variant |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intel x86-baserad | i386 | ||
| AMD64 & Intel 64 | amd64 | ||
| ARM | armel | Intel IXP4xx | ixp4xx |
| Marvell Kirkwood | kirkwood | ||
| Marvell Orion | orion5x | ||
| Versatile | versatile | ||
| ARM with hardware FPU | armhf | multiplatform | armmp |
| multiplatform for LPAE-capable systems | armmp-lpae | ||
| 64bit ARM | arm64 | ||
| MIPS (big endian) | mips | SGI IP22 (Indy/Indigo 2) | r4k-ip22 |
| SGI IP32 (O2) | r5k-ip32 | ||
| MIPS Malta (32 bitar) | 4kc-malta | ||
| MIPS Malta (64 bitar) | 5kc-malta | ||
| MIPS (little endian) | mipsel | MIPS Malta (32 bitar) | 4kc-malta |
| MIPS Malta (64 bitar) | 5kc-malta | ||
| IBM/Motorola PowerPC | powerpc | PowerMac | pmac |
| PReP | prep | ||
| Power Systems | ppc64el | IBM POWER8 or newer machines | |
| IBM S/390 | s390x | IPL från VM-läsare och DASD | generic |
Det här dokumentet täcker in installationen för 32-bit hard-float ARMv7--arkitekturen med Linux-kärnan. Om du letar efter information om någon av de andra arkitekturerna som Debian stöder kan du se på sidorna för Debian-porteringar.
The ARM architecture has evolved over time and modern ARM processors provide features which are not available in older models. Debian therefore provides three ARM ports to give the best support for a very wide range of different machines:
Debian/armel targets older 32-bit ARM processors without support for a hardware floating point unit (FPU),
Debian/armhf works only on newer 32-bit ARM processors which implement at least the ARMv7 architecture with version 3 of the ARM vector floating point specification (VFPv3). It makes use of the extended features and performance enhancements available on these models.
Debian/arm64 works on 64-bit ARM processors which implement at least the ARMv8 architecture.
De flesta ARM-processorer kan köras i båda endian-lägena (big eller little). Dock använder majoriteten av alla nuvarande systemimplementationer läget för little-endian. Debian har för närvarande endast stöd för little-endian på ARM-system.
ARM systems are much more heterogeneous than those based on the i386/amd64-based PC architecture, so the support situation can be much more complicated.
The ARM architecture is used mainly in so-called ”system-on-chip” (SoC) designs. These SoCs are designed by many different companies with vastly varying hardware components even for the very basic functionality required to bring the system up. System firmware interfaces have been increasingly standardised over time, but especially on older hardware firmware/boot interfaces vary a great deal, so on these systems the Linux kernel has to take care of many system-specific low-level issues which would be handled by the mainboard's BIOS in the PC world.
At the beginning of the ARM support in the Linux kernel, the hardware variety resulted in the requirement of having a separate kernel for each ARM system in contrast to the ”one-fits-all” kernel for PC systems. As this approach does not scale to a large number of different systems, work was done to allow booting with a single ARM kernel that can run on different ARM systems. Support for newer ARM systems is now implemented in a way that allows the use of such a multiplatform kernel, but for several older systems a separate specific kernel is still required. Because of this, the standard Debian distribution only supports installation on a selected number of such older ARM systems, alongside the newer systems which are supported by the ARM multiplatform kernels (called ”armmp”) in Debian/armhf.
The following systems are known to work with Debian/armhf using the multiplatform (armmp) kernel:
The IMX53QSB is a development board based on the i.MX53 SoC.
The Versatile Express is a development board series from ARM consisting of a baseboard which can be equipped with various CPU daughter boards.
The armmp kernel supports several development boards and embedded systems based on the Allwinner A10 (architecture codename ”sun4i”), A10s/A13 (architecture codename ”sun5i”) and A20 (architecture codename ”sun7i”) SoCs. Full installer support is currently available for the following sunXi-based systems:
Cubietech Cubieboard 1 + 2 / Cubietruck
LeMaker Banana Pi and Banana Pro
LinkSprite pcDuino and pcDuino3
Mele A1000
Miniand Hackberry
Olimex A10-Olinuxino-LIME / A10s-Olinuxino Micro / A13-Olinuxino / A13-Olinuxino Micro / A20-Olinuxino-LIME / A20-Olinuxino-LIME2 / A20-Olinuxino Micro
PineRiver Mini X-Plus
System support for Allwinner sunXi-based devices is limited to drivers and device-tree information available in the mainline Linux kernel. The android-derived linux-sunxi.org 3.4 kernel series is not supported by Debian.
The mainline Linux kernel generally supports serial console, ethernet, SATA, USB and MMC/SD-cards on Allwinner A10, A10s/A13 and A20 SoCs, but it does not have native drivers for the display (HDMI/VGA/LCD) and audio hardware in these SoCs. The NAND flash memory that is built into some sunXi-based systems is not supported.
Using a local display is technically possible without native display drivers via the ”simplefb” infrastructure in the mainline kernel, which relies on the ”U-Boot” bootloader for initialising the display hardware, but this is not supported by the U-Boot version in Debian 8.
The Cubox-i series is a set of small, cubical-shaped systems based on the Freescale i.MX6 SoC family. System support for the Cubox-i series is limited to drivers and device-tree information available in the mainline Linux kernel; the Freescale 3.0 kernel series for the Cubox-i is not supported by Debian. Available drivers in the mainline kernel include serial console, ethernet, USB, MMC/SD-card and display support over HDMI (console and X11). In addition to that, the eSATA port on the Cubox-i4Pro is supported.
The Wandboard Quad is a development board based on the Freescale i.MX6 Quad SoC. System support for it is limited to drivers and device-tree information available in the mainline Linux kernel; the wandboard-specific 3.0 and 3.10 kernel series from wandboard.org are not supported by Debian. The mainline kernel includes driver support for serial console, display via HDMI (console and X11), ethernet, USB, MMC/SD and SATA. Support for the onboard audio options (analog, S/PDIF, HDMI-Audio) and for the onboard WLAN/Bluetooth module is not available in Debian 8.
Generally, the ARM multiplatform support in the Linux kernel allows running debian-installer on armhf systems not explicitly listed above, as long as the kernel used by debian-installer has support for the target system's components and a device-tree file for the target is available. In these cases, the installer can usually provide a working installation, but it may not be able to automatically make the system bootable. Doing that in many cases requires device-specific information.
When using debian-installer on such systems, you may have to manually make the system bootable at the end of the installation, e.g. by running the required commands in a shell started from within debian-installer.
The EfikaMX platform (Genesi Efika Smartbook and Genesi EfikaMX nettop) was supported in Debian 7 with a platform-specific kernel, but is no longer supported from Debian 8 onwards. The code required to build the formerly used platform-specific kernel has been removed from the upstream Linux kernel source in 2012, so Debian cannot provide newer builds. Using the armmp multiplatform kernel on the EfikaMX platform would require device-tree support for it, which is currently not available.
Stöd för flera processorer — även kallat ”symmetrisk multi-processing” eller SMP — finns tillgängligt för den här arkitekturen. Standardkärnavbildningen för Debian 8 blev byggd med SMP-stöd. Standardkärnan är även användbar på icke-SMP-system men har en mindre overhead som kan orsaka en liten minskning i prestanda. För normal systemanvändning är detta knappt märkbart.
Stöd för flera processorer — även kallat ”symmetrisk multi-processing” eller SMP — finns tillgängligt för den här arkitekturen. Standardkärnavbildningen för Debian 8 blev byggd med stöd för SMP-alternativ. Det här betyder att kärnan kommer att identifiera antalet processorer (eller processorkärnor) och automatiskt inaktivera SMP på system med bara en processor.
Debian's support for graphical interfaces is determined by the underlying support found in X.Org's X11 system, and the kernel. Basic framebuffer graphics is provided by the kernel, whilst desktop environments use X11. Whether advanced graphics card features such as 3D-hardware acceleration or hardware-accelerated video are available, depends on the actual graphics hardware used in the system and in some cases on the installation of additional ”firmware” images (see Avsnitt 2.2, ”Enheter som kräver fast programvara”).
Nearly all ARM machines have the graphics hardware built-in, rather than being on a plug-in card. Some machines do have expansion slots which will take graphics cards, but that is a rarity. Hardware designed to be headless with no graphics at all is quite common. Whilst basic framebuffer video provided by the kernel should work on all devices that have graphics, fast 3D graphics invariably needs binary drivers to work. The situation is changing quickly but at the time of the jessie release free drivers for nouveau (Nvidia Tegra K1 SoC) and freedreno (Qualcomm Snapdragon SoCs) are available in the release. Other hardware needs non-free drivers from 3rd parties.
Debians stöd för grafiska gränssnitt bestäms av det underliggande stöd som hittas i X.Org:s X11-system. De flesta AGP-, PCI-, PCIe- och PCI-X-grafikkort fungerar under X.Org. Detaljer om grafikbussar, kort, skärmar och pekenheter kan hittas på http://xorg.freedesktop.org/. Debian 8 skickar med X.Org version 7.7.
Nästan alla nätverkskort (NIC) som stöds av Linux-kärnan stöds även av installationssystemet; modulära drivrutiner ska vanligtvis läsas in automatiskt.
På 32-bit hard-float ARMv7 finns stöd för de flesta inbyggda Ethernet-enheter och moduler för ytterligare PCI- och USB-enheter tillhandahålls.
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| Kapitel 2. Systemkrav |  |
2.2. Enheter som kräver fast programvara |