| 2.1. 支持的硬件 | ||
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第 2 章 系统需求 | 
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| 2.1. 支持的硬件 | ||
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第 2 章 系统需求 |
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Debian 不会超出 Linux 内核与 GNU 工具集所支持的硬件范围之外。因此，任何被移植了 Linux 内核、libc、gcc 等，并拥有对应的 Debian 移植版的硬件体系或平台都可以运行 Debian。请参考移植页面 http://www.debian.org/ports/arm/ 以了解更多已被 Debian GNU/Linux 测试过的 32-bit hard-float ARMv7 体系。
本章仅包含一些通用的信息，以及在何处可以获得更多信息的指导，而不是试图列出支持 32-bit hard-float ARMv7 的所有不同硬件配置。
Debian GNU/Linux 8 支持十一种主要的体系和一些称为 “flavors” 的衍生品种。
| 体系 | Debian 命名 | 子体系 | Flavor |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intel x86-based | i386 | ||
| AMD64 & Intel 64 | amd64 | ||
| ARM | armel | Intel IXP4xx | ixp4xx |
| Marvell Kirkwood | kirkwood | ||
| Marvell Orion | orion5x | ||
| Versatile | versatile | ||
| 带 FPU 的 ARM | armhf | multiplatform | armmp |
| multiplatform for LPAE-capable systems | armmp-lpae | ||
| 64bit ARM | arm64 | ||
| MIPS (big endian) | mips | SGI IP22 (Indy/Indigo 2) | r4k-ip22 |
| SGI IP32 (O2) | r5k-ip32 | ||
| MIPS Malta (32 bit) | 4kc-malta | ||
| MIPS Malta (64 bit) | 5kc-malta | ||
| MIPS (little endian) | mipsel | MIPS Malta (32 bit) | 4kc-malta |
| MIPS Malta (64 bit) | 5kc-malta | ||
| IBM/Motorola PowerPC | powerpc | PowerMac | pmac |
| PReP | prep | ||
| Amiga Power-UP Systems (APUS) | ppc64el | IBM POWER8 or newer machines | |
| 64bit IBM S/390 | s390x | 来自 VM-reader 和 DASD 的 IPL | generic |
本文档主要讲述的是 32-bit hard-float ARMv7 体系下的安装。如果您在寻找其他 Debian 所支持的体系的信息，请访问 Debian-Ports 网页。
The ARM architecture has evolved over time and modern ARM processors provide features which are not available in older models. Debian therefore provides three ARM ports to give the best support for a very wide range of different machines:
Debian/armel targets older 32-bit ARM processors without support for a hardware floating point unit (FPU),
Debian/armhf works only on newer 32-bit ARM processors which implement at least the ARMv7 architecture with version 3 of the ARM vector floating point specification (VFPv3). It makes use of the extended features and performance enhancements available on these models.
Debian/arm64 works on 64-bit ARM processors which implement at least the ARMv8 architecture.
大多数的 ARM CPU 可以运行在(big 或 little)任一 endian 模式下。但是当前绝大多少系统的实现都是使用 little-endian 模式。Debian 现在也仅支持 little-endian ARM 系统。
ARM systems are much more heterogeneous than those based on the i386/amd64-based PC architecture, so the support situation can be much more complicated.
The ARM architecture is used mainly in so-called “system-on-chip” (SoC) designs. These SoCs are designed by many different companies with vastly varying hardware components even for the very basic functionality required to bring the system up. System firmware interfaces have been increasingly standardised over time, but especially on older hardware firmware/boot interfaces vary a great deal, so on these systems the Linux kernel has to take care of many system-specific low-level issues which would be handled by the mainboard's BIOS in the PC world.
At the beginning of the ARM support in the Linux kernel, the hardware variety resulted in the requirement of having a separate kernel for each ARM system in contrast to the “one-fits-all” kernel for PC systems. As this approach does not scale to a large number of different systems, work was done to allow booting with a single ARM kernel that can run on different ARM systems. Support for newer ARM systems is now implemented in a way that allows the use of such a multiplatform kernel, but for several older systems a separate specific kernel is still required. Because of this, the standard Debian distribution only supports installation on a selected number of such older ARM systems, alongside the newer systems which are supported by the ARM multiplatform kernels (called “armmp”) in Debian/armhf.
The following systems are known to work with Debian/armhf using the multiplatform (armmp) kernel:
The IMX53QSB is a development board based on the i.MX53 SoC.
The Versatile Express is a development board series from ARM consisting of a baseboard which can be equipped with various CPU daughter boards.
The armmp kernel supports several development boards and embedded systems based on the Allwinner A10 (architecture codename “sun4i”), A10s/A13 (architecture codename “sun5i”) and A20 (architecture codename “sun7i”) SoCs. Full installer support is currently available for the following sunXi-based systems:
Cubietech Cubieboard 1 + 2 / Cubietruck
LeMaker Banana Pi and Banana Pro
LinkSprite pcDuino and pcDuino3
Mele A1000
Miniand Hackberry
Olimex A10-Olinuxino-LIME / A10s-Olinuxino Micro / A13-Olinuxino / A13-Olinuxino Micro / A20-Olinuxino-LIME / A20-Olinuxino-LIME2 / A20-Olinuxino Micro
PineRiver Mini X-Plus
System support for Allwinner sunXi-based devices is limited to drivers and device-tree information available in the mainline Linux kernel. The android-derived linux-sunxi.org 3.4 kernel series is not supported by Debian.
The mainline Linux kernel generally supports serial console, ethernet, SATA, USB and MMC/SD-cards on Allwinner A10, A10s/A13 and A20 SoCs, but it does not have native drivers for the display (HDMI/VGA/LCD) and audio hardware in these SoCs. The NAND flash memory that is built into some sunXi-based systems is not supported.
Using a local display is technically possible without native display drivers via the “simplefb” infrastructure in the mainline kernel, which relies on the “U-Boot” bootloader for initialising the display hardware, but this is not supported by the U-Boot version in Debian 8.
The Cubox-i series is a set of small, cubical-shaped systems based on the Freescale i.MX6 SoC family. System support for the Cubox-i series is limited to drivers and device-tree information available in the mainline Linux kernel; the Freescale 3.0 kernel series for the Cubox-i is not supported by Debian. Available drivers in the mainline kernel include serial console, ethernet, USB, MMC/SD-card and display support over HDMI (console and X11). In addition to that, the eSATA port on the Cubox-i4Pro is supported.
The Wandboard Quad is a development board based on the Freescale i.MX6 Quad SoC. System support for it is limited to drivers and device-tree information available in the mainline Linux kernel; the wandboard-specific 3.0 and 3.10 kernel series from wandboard.org are not supported by Debian. The mainline kernel includes driver support for serial console, display via HDMI (console and X11), ethernet, USB, MMC/SD and SATA. Support for the onboard audio options (analog, S/PDIF, HDMI-Audio) and for the onboard WLAN/Bluetooth module is not available in Debian 8.
Generally, the ARM multiplatform support in the Linux kernel allows running debian-installer on armhf systems not explicitly listed above, as long as the kernel used by debian-installer has support for the target system's components and a device-tree file for the target is available. In these cases, the installer can usually provide a working installation, but it may not be able to automatically make the system bootable. Doing that in many cases requires device-specific information.
When using debian-installer on such systems, you may have to manually make the system bootable at the end of the installation, e.g. by running the required commands in a shell started from within debian-installer.
The EfikaMX platform (Genesi Efika Smartbook and Genesi EfikaMX nettop) was supported in Debian 7 with a platform-specific kernel, but is no longer supported from Debian 8 onwards. The code required to build the formerly used platform-specific kernel has been removed from the upstream Linux kernel source in 2012, so Debian cannot provide newer builds. Using the armmp multiplatform kernel on the EfikaMX platform would require device-tree support for it, which is currently not available.
多处理器支持 — 又称 “symmetric multiprocessing” 或 SMP — 在本体系架构下可以使用。标准的 Debian 8 内核映像已经编译进了 SMP-alternatives 支持。这样内核就可以侦测处理器(或者核心)数量，并可以在单处理器系统上关闭 SMP 功能。
在一台计算机上安装多处理器原来只是高端的服务器才具有，但近年来随着“多核”处理器的出现已经应用到相对低端的桌面计算机和便携机上。这种处理器包含两个或多个称为“核心”的处理器单元集成在一个物理芯片上。
Debian 能支持的显卡取决于底层的 X.Org's X11 的支持。流行的 PC 上，图形显示器通常工作地很好。至于高级的显卡功能，比如 3D 硬件加速或硬件视频加速是否可用，由系统所使用的具体显示硬件和所要安装的额外“固件(firmware)”决定(参阅 第 2.2 节 “需要固件的设备”)。极个别的情况下使用基本的显示功能也需要安装额外的固件，但这是罕有的例子。
Nearly all ARM machines have the graphics hardware built-in, rather than being on a plug-in card. Some machines do have expansion slots which will take graphics cards, but that is a rarity. Hardware designed to be headless with no graphics at all is quite common. Whilst basic framebuffer video provided by the kernel should work on all devices that have graphics, fast 3D graphics invariably needs binary drivers to work. The situation is changing quickly but at the time of the jessie release free drivers for nouveau (Nvidia Tegra K1 SoC) and freedreno (Qualcomm Snapdragon SoCs) are available in the release. Other hardware needs non-free drivers from 3rd parties.
对显卡和其他定点设备的具体支持情况，见 http://xorg.freedesktop.org/。 Debian 8 包含 X.Org 7.7 版。
几乎所有被 Linux 内核支持的网卡 (NIC) 都被安装系统支持；驱动程序通常会自动加载。
32-bit hard-float ARMv7 上，支持大多数内置的以太网设备，并提供额外的 PCI 和 USB 设备模块。
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| 第 2 章 系统需求 |  |
2.2. 需要固件的设备 |